2006-2013年高考英语四川卷(43)

    MIT has offered a program called OpenCourseWare for ten years that makes materials from more than 2,000 classes free online. It has been used by more than 100 million people. In December, the school announced it also would begin offering a special certificate, known as MITx, for people who complete certain online courses. Harvard has long offered courses to a wider population through a similar program.
    The MITx will serve as the foundation for the new learning platform.
    MIT President Susan Hockfield said more than 120,000 people signed up for the first MITx course. She said Harvard and MIT hope other universities will join them in offering courses on the open-source edX platform.
“Fasten your seatbelts,” Hockfield said.
Other universities, including Stanford, Yale and Carnegie-Mellon, have been experimenting with teaching to a global population online.
The Harvard-MIT program will be monitored by a not-for-profit（非盈利的）organization based in Cambridge, to be owned equally by the two universities. Both MIT and Harvard have provided $30 million to start the program. They also plan to use the edX platform to research how students learn and which teaching methods and tools are most successful.
53. According to this text, edX is _______.
A. a part of the free MIT OpenCourseWare
B. a free computer program by MIT and Harvard
C. a Harvard-MIT platform of free online courses
D. a free program online for universities worldwide
54. What is said about online education in the text?
A. Universities have been trying online courses.
B. About 2,000 online courses have been offered.
C. Over 100 million people have finished courses online.
D. Stanford and Yale together have courses similar to edX.
55. The underlined part in the text probably means “         “.
A. Get ready for the difficulties
B. Get ready for this educational change
C. Get prepared to complete the online courses
D. Get prepared to make materials for the edX courses
56. What can be said about MITx according to the text?
A. It is first offered as part of the edX learning program.
B. It is another free MIT-Harvard online learning program.
C. It is a standard to recognize online learners’ achievement.
D. It is a new kind of free online course of Harvard and MIT.
E
    Plants are flowering faster than scientists predicted（预测）in reaction to climate change, which could have long damaging effects on food chains and ecosystems.
    Global warming is having a great effect on hundreds of plant and animal species around the world, changing some living patterns, scientists say.
    Increased carbon dioxide（CO2）in the air from burning coal and oil can have an effect on how plants produce oxygen, while higher temperatures and changeable rainfall patterns can change their patterns of growth.
    “Predicting species’ reaction to climate change is a major challenge in ecology,” said the researches of several U.S. universities. They said plants had been the key object of study because their reaction to climate change could have an effect on food chains and ecosystem services.
    The study, published on the Nature website, uses the findings from plant life cycle studies and experiments across four continents and 1,634 species. It found that some experiments had underestimated（低估）the speed of flowering by 8.5 times and leafing by 4 times.
    “Across all species, the experiments under-predicted the speed of the advance — for both leafing and flowering — that results from temperature increases,” the study said.
    The design of future experiments may need to be improved to better predict how plants will react to climate change, it said.
    Plants are necessary for life on the Earth. They are the base of the food chain, using photosynthesis（光合作用）to produce sugar from carbon dioxide and water. They let out oxygen which is needed by nearly every organism on the planet.
    Scientists believe the world’s average temperature has risen by about 0.8℃ since 1900, and nearly 0.2℃ every ten years since 1979.
    So far, efforts to cut emissions（排放）of planet-warming greenhouse gases are not seen as enough to prevent the Earth heating up beyond 2℃ this century — a point scientists say will bring the danger of a changeable climate in which weather extremes are common, leading to drought, floods, crop failures and rising sea levels.
57. What is the key information the author wants to give in Paragraph 1?
A. Plants’ reaction to weather could have damaging effects on ecosystem.
B. The increasing speed of flowering is beyond scientists’ expectation.
C. Climate change leads to the change of food production patterns.
D. Food chains have been seriously damaged because of weather.
58. We can learn from the study published on the Nature website that ______.
A. plants’ flowering is 8.5 times faster than leafing
B. there are 1,634 plant species on the four continents
C. scientists should improve the design of the experiments
D. the experiments failed to predict how plants react to climate change
59. Scientists pay special attention to the study of plants because _______.
A. they can prove the climate change clearly
B. they are very important in the food chains
C. they play a leading role in reducing global warming
D. they are growing and flowering much faster than before
60. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs about the world’s temperature?
A. It has risen nearly 0.2℃ since 1979.
B. Its change will lead to weather extremes.
C. It is 0.8℃ higher in 1979 than that of 1990.
D. It needs to be controlled within 2℃ in this century.
第二节  根据对话内容,从对话后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项多余选项。（共5小题；每小题2分,满分10分）
—     What seems to be the problem?
—          61    
—     How long have you been like this?
—     Since Saturday night.
—     ____ 62    
—     Yes, I also feel lighthearted.
—     Can you think of anything you ate Saturday that might have caused it?
—     All I can think of is the fish I had. It didn’t taste quite right.
—     ____ 63      Now I’ll give you some medicine. Take it and you should be feeling better soon.
—     ____ 64      
—     I also suggest that you follow a special diet.
—     ____ 65      
—     You should stick to eating lighter foods.
 
A.     What’s that?
B.      That might be it.
C.      Thank you, doctor.
D.     Any other problems?
E.      I have a running nose.